Centered on Israel's Project Nimbus — the $1.2 billion cloud computing partnership with Google and AWS that includes construction of six data centers inside Israel — this Opinio Juris essay by Patrick Brian Smith (University of Salford) argues that open-source investigation (OSI) practices should shift from documenting the aftermath of AI-enabled military violence in Gaza toward exposing the upstream infrastructure that sustains it. It details how three AWS data centers near the West Bank border draw from a transboundary aquifer recharged largely on West Bank land, and argues that Big Tech cloud infrastructure is increasingly enmeshed with Israeli military operations.
Upstream Harms: OSI, AI Militarism, Big Tech, and Gaza – Opinio Juris
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Patrick Brian Smith
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Opinio Juris
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July 2, 2026
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