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LBNL – U.S. Data Center Energy Usage Report
U.S. data centers consume 176 terawatt-hours annually as of 2023 — 4.4 percent of national electricity — and could reach 325 to 580 terawatt-hours by 2028. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory traces the surge to GPU-accelerated servers for AI, which ended a decade of flat energy use that began around 2010.
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Pew – Plain-Language Summary on Data Center Energy Use
U.S. data centers consumed 183 terawatt-hours of electricity in 2024 — more than 4 percent of the country's total — with demand projected to reach 426 TWh by 2030. Covers water use, grid strain in states like Virginia, rising residential electricity costs and the energy sources powering rapid AI-driven facility expansion.
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IEA – Data Centres and Data Transmission Networks (2023)
Global data centre electricity consumption reached 240-340 TWh in 2022 — about 1 percent of global demand — while internet traffic grew 600 percent since 2015. Breaks down efficiency trends, crypto mining energy use, AI-driven demand growth, renewable procurement by major tech companies and policy frameworks emerging in the EU and China.
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Epoch – Really Big Data Centers
Epoch AI tracks 27 frontier data centers through satellite imagery, permits and public disclosures. Searchable by owner and capacity, the explorer maps sites across 14 U.S. states and two countries — from facilities under construction to a 1.1-gigawatt Amazon campus in New Carlisle, Indiana.
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Datacenterwatch.org – Industry-Funded Data Portal
10a Labs publishes this weekly research bulletin tracking grassroots opposition to data center projects across the United States. Roundups cover state-level moratoriums, zoning denials, tax incentive fights and permitting disputes, framing local resistance as political risk for the industry.
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POPCO – PA, WV, and Ohio Data Center Proposals
This spreadsheet tracks data center zoning ordinances across Pennsylvania counties — including Washington, Westmoreland, Luzerne, Beaver and Allegheny — with status updates on adopted, proposed and in-progress measures. Covers ordinance drafts, assisting organizations like CCJ, PennFuture and Food & Water Watch, and links to source documents and model ordinances.
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West Pennsboro Township Zoning Ordinance No 2025-03 (Data Center Provisions)
West Pennsboro Township's zoning ordinance rewrite, enacted Aug. 25, 2025, restricts data centers in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, to the industrial zone as a conditional use. Provisions require water feasibility studies and adequate electricity supply, addressing concerns that large facilities overtax small-township water systems and power infrastructure.
Exposing AI Data Center Threats and Harms